LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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020 116 011 A 



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[PROOF COPY.] 



THE 



AMERICAN SOCIETY 



FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF 



Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. 



L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE." 



New York : 
PRINTED BY THE SOCIETY. 

1875. 



City o f 7 l e*s^&h %_ 

County of J*2?_ (/£__ 

State of J$ (rp__ 

Nom mated for Membership sz&jfz ./.7J&?.... Zdf^ZS**.. 
Elected as provided 



&P_ 2*Q<*r jg£p_ 



THE 



AMERICAN SOCIETY 

FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF 

2lrt0, Jllanufactures, anfc Commerce. 

COUNCIL, 1875. 



PRESIDENT, 
THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ex officio. 

CHAIRMAN OF COUNCIL, 

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, Vice-President. 



Hon. Charles Francis Adams, Mass., 

Vice-Pres. 
F. A. P. Barnard, LL.D., S.T.D., L.H.D., 

N. Y., Vice-Pres. 
Wm. Tilden Blodgett, N. Y. 
Albert Bierstadt, N. Y. 
John Bogart, A.M., C.E., N. Y. 
W. W. Corcoran, Washington. 
C. F. Chandler, Ph.D., M.D., LL.D., N.Y., 

Vice-Pres. 
Peter Cooper, N. Y., Vice-Pres. 
John J. Cisco, N. Y. 
Gen. J. L. Chamberlain, Me. 
Wm. Butler Duncan, N. Y., Vice-Pres. 
Hon. Wm. E. Dodge, N. Y. 
Hon. Charles P. Daly, LL.D., N. Y., 

Vice-Pres. 
James D. Dana, A.M., E.M., Conn. 
James W. Elv/ell, N. Y., Vice-Pres. 
Wm. M. Evarts, N. Y. 
James B. Eads, C.E., Mo. 
Charles W. Eliot, D.D., LL.D., Mass. 
Cyrus W. Field, N. Y., Vice-Pres. 
Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore, U.S.E. 
Arthur Gilman, N. Y. 
Right Rev. the Bishop of Georgia, Ga. 
Alex. L. Holley, C.E., N. Y. 
Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, N. Y., Vice-Pres. 
Joseph Henry, Ph.D., Washington. 
O. W. Holmes, M.D., Mass. 
B. F. Hedrick, Ph.D., Washington. 
Charles A. Joy, Ph.D., N. Y. 
John Taylor Johnston, N. Y. 
Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe, Md. 



Daniel Kirkwood, LL.D., Ind. 

Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, Penn., Vice- 
Pres. 

Hon. William J. McAlpine, M.I.C.E., 
N. Y., Vice-Pres. 

John L. Melcher, N. Y., Treas. 

Cyrus L. McCormick, 111. 

Hon. Joseph Medill, 111., Vice-Pres. 

Henry Morton, Ph.D., N. J. 

James McCosh, D.D., LL.D., N.J. 

J. S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D., Ohio. 

D. Van Nostrand, N. Y., Treas. 

Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D., Conn., Vice- 
Pres. 

George W. Plympton, A.M., C.E. 

Henry Probasco, Ohio, Vice-Pres. 

Wm. Walter Phelps, N. J., Vice-Pres. 

Hon. John V. L. Pruyn, LL.D., N. Y. 

Whitelaw Reid, N. Y., Vice-Pres. 

Admiral C. R. P. Rodgers, Vice-Pres. 

J. Fairman Rogers, Pa. 

Robert B. Roosevelt, N. Y. 

Gen. Charles Roome, N. Y. 

Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, U.S.A. 

J. Lawrence Smith, Ph.D., Ky. 

Hon. Carl Schurz, Mo., Vice-Pres. 

William Stein way, N. Y. 

David Sintor, Ohio. 

William Sellers, Penn. 

John H. Shoenberger, Penn. 

Hon. A. G. Thurman, Ohio, Vice-Pres. 

John Harvey Wright, M.D., Mass. 

Hon. Wm. Pinckney White, Md. 



Gift 
Mrs. H. O. Bolton 

lata 

SECRETARY. 

GEORGE EDWARD HARDING. 

FINANCIAL OFFICER. 

CHARLES J. MOORE. 

AUDITORS. 

e. r. Mccarty. j. h. p. dodge. 

EDUCATIONAL OFFICER 

RICHARD W. HUSTED. 

SOCIETY ROOMS, 

64 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



The American Society of Arts. 



While in Europe there are many learned societies pursuing a 
course of steady usefulness in recording year after year the added 
facts in science, exposing old errors, and accumulating most valuable 
material for the future investigator, in America we possess compara- 
tively few in number, without definite concert in action, and just 
awakening to a realization of the magnitude of scientific truths 
which the Associations of the Old World, each in its own field of use- 
fulness, have been able to collate and preserve. 

The American societies which are at present most vigorous and 
active in their special departments of human thought and know- 
ledge are the counterparts of those English progenitors whose long- 
recorded years of experience have proved them to be the most useful 
to their members, and of the greatest value to their contemporaries. 

Casting a glance at the scientific institutions of London alone, we 
find twenty to thirty of what may be called leading societies, all of 
which are in successful operation, generally well endowed, and owning 
or controlling their respective halls. Among them we may parti- 
cularize the Eoyal Society, Royal Institution, Society of Arts, In- 
stitution of Civil Engineers, Chemical Society, Department of 
Science and Art, London Institution, Birkbeck Institute, Gresham 
Lectures, Society of Telegraph Engineers, Museum of Practical 
Geology, British Association, Statistical Society, Royal Geographical 
Society, Entomological Society, Society of British Architects, Insti- 
tute of Surveyors, Medical Society, Victoria Institution, Pathological 
Association, Society of Biblical Archaeology, Zoological Society, 
Sculptors of England, Microscopical Society, Astronomical Society, and 
the Literary and Artistic Society, all of which, besides many soci- 
eties equally recognized, though perhaps not so prominent, are 
daily adding to their stores of acquired scientific knowledge. 

But few institutions am mg the above can compare their records 
in English history with the position accorded to the SOCIETY FOR 
THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND 
COMMERCE, to wnose happy inception much credit in the advance- 
ment of England's com uerce ami manufactures is actually due ; and 
though, in its primary organization, proposed as a special encourage- 
ment of the arts alone, yet the steady growth and complete success 



iii this particular branch soon extended its aims and advanced its 
sphere of usefulness to wider fields. 

While it would be a work of supererogation to trace the life of the 
society in each detail of its progress, since its history has been already 
so ably written by Mr. Davenport, the efficient and popular finan- 
cial officer of the Society, yet an epitome of the scope and objects 
of the parent association is here presented, together with a list of 
the present Council and Officers of the British Society for its ]20th 
Session. 



COUN 
H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF 

F. A. Abel, F.R.S., Vice-Pres. 
H.R.H. Prince Arthur, Vice-Pres. 

G. C. T. Bartley. 
Thomas Brassey, M.P., Vice-Pres. 
Edward Brooke, Treasurer. 
Andrew Cassels. 

Edwin Chadwick, C.B., Vice-Pres. 
John Cheetham. 
Lord Alfred Churchill. 
Hyde Clarke. 

Sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., Vice- 
Pres. 

Right Hon. W. F. Cowper-Tem- 
ple, M.P., Vice-Pres. 

Colonel A. Angus Croll. 

Major Donnelly, R.E., Vice-Pres. 

Lord De ITsle and Dudley, Vice- 
Pres. 

Major-Gen. F. Eardley-Wilmot, 
R.A., F.R.S., Vice-Pres. and 
Chairman of Council. 

C. J. Freake. 

Capt.Douglas Galton,C.B.,F.R.S., 
Vice-Pres. 



CIL. 

WALES, E.G., President. 

James Heywood, F.R.S. 

Edwin Lawrence, LL.B. 

Lord Henry Gordon Lennox, 
M.P., Vice-Pres. 

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., 
Vice-Pres. 

Vice-Admiral Erasmus Omman- 
ney, C.B., F.R.S. 

Admiral the Right Hon. Lord 
Clarence Paget, K.C.B., Vice- 
Pres. 

Right Hon. Sir John S. Paking- 
ton, Bart., M.P., Vice-Pres. 

Major-Gen. Sir Henry Rawliuson, 
K.C.B., F.R.S., Vice-Pres. 

Robert Rawlins on, C.B. 

Samuel Redgrave, Vice-Pres. 

Rev. W. Rogers, M.A., Vice- 
Pres. 

Lieut. Col. A. Strange, F.R.S. 

Seymour Teulon, Vice-Pres. 

E. Carleton Tulnell. 

T. R. Tufnell, Treasurer. 

Thomas Twining, Vice-Pres. 



AUDITORS. 



I. Gerstenberg. 

SECRETARY. 

P. Le Neve Foster, M.A. 

EDUCATIONAL OFFICER. 

Charles Critchett. 



James T. Ware. 

FINANCIAL OFFICER. 

I Samuel Thomas Davenport. 

CHIEF CLERK. 

Howard Henry Room. 



THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 



The Society of Arts was founded in 1754, and incorporated by 
Royal Charter, in 1847, for u The Encouragement of the Arts, Manu- 
factures, and Commerce of the Country, by bestowing rewards for 
such productions, inventions, or improvements as tend to the employ- 
ment of the poor, to the increase of trade, and to the riches a^d honor 
of the kingdom ; and for meritorious works in the various departments 
of the Fine Arts; for Discoveries, Inventions, and Improvements in 
Agriculture, Chemistry, Mechanics, Manufactures, and other useful 
Arts; for the application of such natural and artificial products, 
whether of Home, Colonial, or Foreign growth and manufacture, as 
may appear likely to afford fresh objects of industry, and to increase 
the trade of the realm by extending the sphere of British commerce ; 
and generally to assist in the advancement, development, and practi- 
cal application of every department of science in connection with the 
Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce of this country. 

The following may serve to indicate the varied nature of the Soci- 
ety's operations. So early as the middle of the last century, its efforts 
were directed to improving Agricultural implements ; raising, plant- 
ing, and preserving timber ; improving the culture of most kinds of 
corn and grass seeds, and the introduction of new root crops ; also the 
reclamation of large tracts of land from the sea, thus extending the 
means of producing food for the people. In applied Chemistry and 
Metallurgy it collected much information relative to improvements in 
dyeing and tanning, the make of crucibles and retorts, the discovery 
of cobalt, zaffre, and smalt, and the manufacture of iron, copper, and 
tin ; in Manufactures it has given to the w 7 orld many improvements, 
such as the loom for weaving fish-nets, spinning-machines, the make 
of Persian carpets, druggets, cambric, lace, and various kinds of pa- 
per. It erected the first saw-mill used in this country, and ha^ intro- 
duced many improvements in ship -building, the diving-bell, fioating- 
lights, the construction of cranes and jacks, and manufacturing ma- 
chines and tools in general. 

In the English Colonies the Society has been instrumental in 
establishing Botanic Gardens, thereby aiding the importation and 
production of the spices, fruits, and gums of Foreign Countries, and 
their more general introduction into Commerce. It has also been the 
means of introducing many new substances, such as gutta-percha, 
cocoa-nut oil, etc., thereby creating new sources of trade. 

Among the important but less known works of the Society may be 
mentioned the establishment of a regular supply of Fish to the London 



market ; upon this work the Society expended many thousands of 

pounds. 

In the Fine Arts the Society riot merely encouraged the study of 
Art at a period prior to the existence of the Royal Academy and Gov- 
ernment Schools, but, by allowing- artists to make collections of their 
works, and to exhibit them in the Society's Rooms, in 17(H), it thereby 
established permanent Exhibitions of Art, out of which grew the pre- 
sent Royal Academy. Among the names of those rewarded by the 
Society in their youth will be found Flaxman, Bacon, Nollekens, 
Twins, Landseer, Mulready, lioss, Eastlake, Millais, and other leading. 
Artists. 

Since its incorporation by Royal Charter in 1847, by holding smaller 
Industrial Exhibitions, the Society prepared the way for the first 
Great International Exhibition, held in 1851, which was originated by 
the Society under the presidency of His "Royal Highness the Prince 
Consort. The Society at first entered into an agreement with con- 
tractors to carry out the undertaking, but subsequently applied to 
Her Majesty to issue a Royal Commission — a petition which was gra- 
ciously acceded to. The more recent action of the Society, in refer- 
ence to the International Exhibition of 18G2, is well known. It raised 
a Guarantee Fund of £450,000, to meet the expenses of the undertak- 
ing, and nominated the Commissioners, who were afterwards ap- 
pointed by Her Majesty. The Society is also co-operating with Her 
Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 in promoting the 
present Series of Annual International Exhibitions at South Kensington. 

The Artistic Copyright Act of 1862 was prepared and carried 
through Parliament by a committee of the Society; and the amend- 
ment of the Laws bearing upon Industry and Commerce, especially 
the Patent Laws, the improvement of the Dwellings of the Laboring 
Classes, aud the education of the workman, have at various times 
occupied its attention ; but Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce — the 
objects which it was established to promote — afford so wide a field of 
investigation that the nature of the Society's action, and its method 
of carrying out the objects of its founders, can only be fully known to 
those who take a continued interest in the Society itself. 

Meetings of the Society. — The Session commences in November 
and ends in June. At the Wednesday Evening Meetings during the 
Session, papers on subjects relating to inventions, improvements, ois- 
coveries, and other matters connected with the Arts, Manufactures, 
and Commerce of the Country are read and discussed, full reports of 
them being given in the Weekly Journal published by the Society. 
These meetings are free to Members of the Society, who are entitled 
to admit two friends to each meeting. 

Cantor Lectures.— Jn addition to the Wednesday Evening Meet- 



10 



ings, courses of Lectures, entitled " Cantor Lectures," are delivered 
on subjects "bearing upon the Arts, the Applied Sciences, Commerce, 
and Industry. These Lectures are free to Members of the Society, 
who are entitled to admit tivo friends to each Lecture. 

India Conferences. — During the Session, Conferences are held upon 
subjects connected with our Indian Empire. Members are entitled to 
attend these meetings, and to introduce two friends on each occasion. 

Journal of the Society of Arts. — This Journal, which is sent free 
to Members, is published weekly, and contains, in addition to the 
Reports of the Society's Proceedings, Reports of the Institutions in 
TJniou, and a variety of information connected with Arts, Manufac- 
tures, and Commerce. The Journal is also the official organ of the 
Annual International Exhibitions. 

Library and Beading -Boom. — The Library and Reading-room are 
open to Members, who are also entitled to borrow books. 

Conversazioni are held, to which the" Members are invited, each 
Member receiving a card for himself and lady. 

Membership. — The Society consists of upwards of three thousand 
members. The Annual Subscription is Two Guineas, or a Life Sub- 
scription of Twenty Guineas may be paid. 



SOCIETY OF ARTS' UNION OF INSTITUTIONS. 

The Society's Union of Institutions was established on the 8th May, 
1852, and comprises several district Unions and a large number of 
Literary and Scientific Institutions, Athenaeums, Mechanics' Insti- 
tutes, People's Colleges and Clubs, Philosophical Societies, etc., in 
the United Kingdom and in the Colonies. 

Any Institution desirous of entering into union with the Society of 
Arts must fill up, sign, and return to the Secretary a printed form of 
Declaration (which will be forwarded on application), accompanied 
with a copy of its rules. When this form has been approved by the 
Couucil, the Institution is taken into the Union. The subscription is 
two guineas annually, and may be paid in either of the two following 
ways : The President or any other analogous officer of the Institution 
may be elected a member of the Society of Arts; or the Institution 
may contribute the two guineas from its own funds. In the former 
case, the gentleman so selected will enjoy all the privileges of a mem- 
ber, and will, at the same time, give to his own Institution, as long as 
he continues to hold office in it, the advantages of the Union ; in the 
latter case the Institution itself will receive the advantages of the 
Union. 



11 



The managers of Village Libraries, Village Reading-rooms, Village 
Lectures, and Evening Schools, etc. (Dot being fully constituted Insti- 
tutions), in connection with any District Union that is in union with the 
Society of Arts, may obtain the advantages of union with the Society 
in consideration of the payment of £2 2s. from the District Union; 
but the Society relies on the officers of the District Unions for a care- 
ful discrimination of those bodies which, ought, from those which 
ought not, to be expected to subscribe separately, for the advantages 
of union with the Society of Arts, and the Council reserves the power 
of reconsidering the arrangements, if it should be found that bodies 
not contemplated herein avail themselves of this privilege. 



DESIGN OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY. 

The desirability of a similar Association for this country has long 
been urged by those persons most familiar with the success of the 
British institution. 

The prominent feature of a weekly Journal, wherein is recorded 
all transactions, and furnishing to each member advance notice of the 
subject to be presented and discussed, while members necessarily 
absent can be represented by selected frieuds, is of special import iu 
our extensive country. 

To these advantages are added the fact that the scope of the lec- 
tures extends over those subjects which directly concern the economic 
application and cumulative knowledge of the applied sciences, and 
are not confined to the special scientific theories or practice ordi- 
narily presented before their respective technological associations. 

In order to establish an institution thoroughly in harmony with 
the London Society, a memorial was duly addressed to the Council of 
that body, who have signified their hearty co-operation, and furnished 
the detailed information essential for the direction of the present 
Society. 

The objects of the American Society, like its English prototype, 
are the encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce in 
the United States, and the development of national prosperity ; 

(1) By giving honorary or pecuniary rewards for the communica- 
tion to the Society, and through it to the public, of all such successful 
inventions and discoveries as tend to the promotion of its art, manu- 
facturing, and commercial supremacy. 

(2) For the purpose of promoting friendly relations and exchange 
of views between different scientific institutions and their members, 
and also with those persons whose intelligence and active usefulness 
accord them prominence among their fellows, yet whose pursuits have 



12 



not attached them to any exclusively scientific or technological asso- 
ciations. 

(3) To pi'omote and encourage all exhibitions where attention is 
called to new processes, scientific inventions, or useful discoveries. 

(4) To hold regular meetings on Tuesday evenings of each week 
to read and discuss papers on subjects relating to inventions, improve- 
ments, discoveries, and other matters connected with the arts, manu- 
factures, and commerce of the country. 

(5) To provide courses of lectures on other evenings of each week 
on subjects bearing on the Applied Sciences in their relation to the 
arts, commerce, and industries, and also to advance technological 
education by a system of examinations and rewards. 

(6) To hold conferences each session on subjects connected with 
the development of our immense mineral and agricultural wealth. 

(7) To issue each week the Journal of the Society, wherein is pub- 
lished the papers, discussions, and reports of the Society, and other 
useful information connected with its objects. 

(8) To provide a Library and Reading-room for the accommodation 
of its resident members, and a place of rendezvous and address for 
those members temporarily in the city. 

(9) By the system of co-operation, so successful in England, to 
increase the diffusion of knowledge by the supply of books, periodi- 
cals, and other essential articles to the members at a large discount 
from the usual retail price, similarly to the advantages given by the 
Loudon Society. 

(10) To hold occasional conversazioni as reunions for its members, 
and receptions to distinguished persons. 

Each of the regular Tuesday evening scientific and conference 
meetings are free to members, who are also entitled to admit by ticket 
Uvo friends to each lecture. 

The Journal of the Society is also sent free to each member weekly. 

For the conversazioni each member is entitled to one ticket, admit- 
ting himself and ladies. 

In additionto the arrangements effected whereby each member can 
purchase or subscribe for any book or periodical through the Society 
at the trade price of such publications, propositions have been made 
to the Council by a number of prominent firms in various branches of 
useful and ornamental trade, proposing to extend to the members a 
considerable discount from the usual retail prices. The only con- 
dition being that the Society shall exclusively recommend the mem- 
bers to deal with such firms in their respective lines. 

This has its successful precedent in the action of the larger London 
houses towards the Civil Service Association; and when it is con- 
sidered that the patronage of the entire members would be an im- 



13 

mense trade in itself, the fact is clearly evident that it possesses most 
beneficial advantages for both buyer and seller. In no case, how- 
ever, can an officer of the Society reap any pecuniary benefit from 
orders. 

Save in the last-mentioned pecuniary advantage to members and 
in the number of the Council, the organization, rules, and by-laws 
of the parent Society have been closely followed, believing that over 
a century of experience has left little to improve. 

In the Council an increase has been unavoidable, the demand for 
representation from the various sections of our extensive territory 
having obliged twice the number governing in London. 

Among those gentlemen selected for the first year will be found 
many eminent in their respective callings, carefully chosen to re- 
present American professions and industries in the institutions of 
either hemisphere with credit to themselves and their Society. 

The most cordial relations exist between this Society and its Lon- 
don progenitor. All of the prizes and rewards of either association 
will be duly advertised for the competition of the members of the 
other organization, and all privileges of membership, except that of 
voting, will be available in the United States for any member of the 
English Society of Arts, properly accredited as such; and members of 
this Society who propose visiting Europe can obtain letter credentials 
and introductions to the Secretary of the London Society of Arts. 

In presenting the Society to the attention of members, esx>ecial 
notice is called to the non -sectarian and liberal platform upon which 
its objects and aims are based, while its admirable adaptation to the 
wants of our yet comparatively undeveloped country will be readily 
perceived. 

At the evening meetings during the session, papers on subjects 
relating to inventions, improvements, discoveries, and other matters 
appertaining to the objects of the Society are read and discussed, 
full reports of them being given in the Journal. The proposed sche- 
dule is as follows : 

Ordinary Meetings : Tuesday evenings, at 8 o'clock : 

Mar. 2, 9, 16, 23, 30. 
April 6, 13, 20, 27. 
May 4, 11, 18,25. 
Junel, 8, 15,22, 29. 



CONVERSAZIONE. 

The Annual Conversazione will be held early in January, and a 
card of invitation will be issued to each member. 



14 



TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS. 

The programme for these Examinations is in preparation and will 
shortly be issued. It will include twelve subjects, viz. : Paper Manu- 
facture, Cotton Manufacture, Silk Manufacture, Steel Manufacture, 
Carriage-Building, Cloth Manufacture, Glass-Maldng, Pottery and 
Porcelain, Gas Manufacture, Silk and Woollen Dyeing, Calico Pleach- 
ing, Dyeing and Printing, and Alkali Manufacture. The General 
Examinations for Technical Education under the Examining Boards, 
and the scheme for Scientific and Juvenile Lectures, will be issued in 
due course. 



SECTIONS. 



The Council desiring to establish permanent departments with 
competent officers, who may investigate and report on the progress of 
new discoveries calculated to promote new industries in connection 
with various branches of the applied sciences, thereby affording an 
increased amount of information and advantage to the people in 
general, present the accompanying list of sections, and hope that, by 
a large increase in the number of members, they may secure such an 
augmented income to the Society as will assist them in carrying out 
a further development of the sectional action. 



AGRICULTURE. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. S. W. JOHNSON. Prof. FRANK STORER. 

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

charles Mcdonald, c.e. george leverich, c.e. 

chemistry, applied. 

Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. C. F. CHANDLER. PIERRE DeP. RICKETTS, E.M. 



COMMERCE. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

MORRIS K. JESUP. JOHN V. WHEELER. 



NATURAL HISTORY. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. E. C. H. DAY. HENRY NEWTON, E.M. 



15 



MUSIC. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

THEODORE THOMAS. CHARLES J. MOORE. 



EDUCATION. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. WM. H. CHANDLER. Prof. WM. B. POTTER. 



SANITARY. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Dr. A. N. BELL. ELWYN WALLER, E.M. 

POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
Chairman. Secretary, 

D. WILLIS JAMES. H. ARNOLD. 

ECONOMIC CEOLOGY. 

Chairman. Secretary. 

D. ERNEST MELLISS, Ph.D. JOHN C. RANDOLPH, E.M. 

MINING AND METALLURGY. 

Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. T. EGLESTON. R. P. ROTHWELL, E.M. 

MECHANICS. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. R. H. THURSTON. JAMESJA. WHITNEY, M.E. 

MANUFACTURES. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. WILLIAM P. TROWBRIDGE. P. VAN DER WEYDE, Ph.D. 

TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSIT. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

O. S. CHANUTE, C.E. FRANCIS COLLINGWOOD, C.E. 



LITERATURE AND ART. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

ROBERT HOE, Jr. WILLIAM HENRY HURLBURT. 

PHYSICS. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

Prof. J. D. WHITNEY. Prof. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY. 

PATENT LAWS. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

E. W. STOUGHTON. FRANK D. HARMON. gj 



16 



LEGAL. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

CHAS. A. JACKSON. JAMES M. BRADY. 



MEDICAL SCIENCE. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

LEWIS A. SAYRE, M.D. CHARLES S. BULL, M.D. 



CO-OPERATIVE. 
Chairman. Secretary. 

J. A. GEISSENHAINER. ROBERT HAY. 



AMERICAN 



SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT 



Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, 



NEW YORK CITY. 



\ 



CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 



New Yoke : 
PRINTED BY THE SOCIETY 

1875. 



ABSTRACT OF THE CHAETEE. 

. # . 

The Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce of the 
country, by bestowing reward? for such productions, inventions, or 
improvements as tend to the employment of the poor, to the increase 
of trade, and to the riches and honor of the country ; and for meri- 
torious works in the various departments of Fine Arts; for Discoveries, 
Inventions, and Improvement? in Agriculture, Chemistry, ^Mechanics, 
Manufactures, and other useful Arts; for the application of such natu- 
ral and artificial products, whether of Home or Foreign growth and 
manufacture, as may appear likely to afford fresh objects of industry,- 
and to increase the trade of the United States by extending the sphere 
of American Commerce ; and generally to assist in the advancement, 
development, and practical application of every department of science 
in connection with the Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce of the 
country. 

The Society to form one body politic and corporate, by the name of 
" The Amebic ax Society eoe tut Excoueagemext of Aets, 
AlAxrEACTUEES. axd Commerce," and by such name to have- 
Perpetual Succession. 

A Common Seal. 

Power to sue and be sued. 

Power to purchase, receive, possess, hold, and enjoy any goods and 
chattels whatsoever; and also to take, purchase, possess, hold, and 
enjoy a Hall or House, and any Lands, Tenements, or Endowments 
whatsoever, the yearly value of which, including the site of the said 
Hall or House, not-to exceed in the whole the sum of $50,000. 

Authority to all and every person or persons, bodies politic and 
corporate, to grant, sell, alien, and convey in mortmain to the said 
Society any lands, tenements, or endowments not exceeding such 
annual value as aforesaid. 

The whole property of the Society is vested absolutely in the mem- 
bers thereof, with full power to sell, charge, or dispose of the same as 
they shall think proper; but no sale, mortgage, or encumbrance, or 
other disposition of any lands, tenements, or endowments of the 
Society shall be made, except with the approbation and concurrence 
of a General Meeting. 

There shall be a Council to manage the affairs of the Society, with 
full power, subject to the Charter and By-Laws, to do all such acts 
and deeds as shall appear to them necessary or essential to be done 
for the purpose of carrying into effect the objects and views of the 



20 



Society, rendering to a General Meeting an account of their proceed 
ings. 

There shall be a President, Vice-Presidents, and two Treasurers, 
and the Council shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, 
the Treasurers, and not more than forty nor less than twenty other 
members of the Society. 

A General Meeting to be held once in the year or oftener, to choose 
the President, Vice-Presidents, the Treasurers, and other members of 
the Council. 

Power to hold General Meetings from time to time to make By- 
Laws, comprising the following objects : 

t. The regulation of the Society. 2. The admission of Members. 
3. The management of the estates, goods, and business of the 
Society. 4. Fixing and determining the number of Vice-Presi- 
dents and other members of the Council, and the time and man- 
ner of electing the President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurers, and 
other members of the Council, and the period of their continu- 
ance in office. 
General Meetings to have power to alter, vary, or revoke such By- 
Laws, and to make such new and other By-Laws as they shall think 
most useful and expedient, so that the same be not repugnant to the 
Charter, or to the laws and statutes of the United States. Also, 
to enter into any resolution and make any regulation respecting any 
of the affairs and concerns of the Society that shall be thought neces- 
sary and proper. 

Questions at General Meetings, and at meetings of the Council, to 
be determined by a majority of members present, the person presid- 
ing having, in case of an equality of numbers, a second or casting 
vote. 

Lawful for ev T ery member to examine the accounts of the receipts 
and payments of the Society. 

The service of the President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurers, and 
members of the Council to be honorary; and no dividend, gift, divi- 
sion, or bonus in money to be made out of the funds of the Society 
unto or between any of its members. 



BY-LAWS. 



I.— The President. 

1. The President shall be elected annually. 

II.— The Vice-Presidents. 

2. The number of Vice-Presidents shall not exceed twenty, and 
they shall be elected annually. 

III. — The Treasurers. 

3. The Treasurers shall be elected annually. 

4. They shall have the custody of the Common Seal. 

5. All moneys, except investments, and except a sum not exceed- 
ing one hundred dollars, shall be kept at the bankers of the Society, 
in the joint names of the two Treasurers, who shall thereout, by 
checks on such bankers, signed by either of them, and counter- 
signed by the Secretary, discharge such Labilities of the Society as 
shall severally exceed twenty-five dollars. 

6. No checks shall be drawn without a previous vote of the 
Council. 

7. All receipts shall be signed by one of the Treasurers. 

IV. — The Council. 

8. The Council shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, 
the Treasurers, and not more than forty other members of the Society. 
The Council of the London Society of Arts shall be ex-officio honorary 
Council of the American Society. 

9. It shall, at its first meeting, elect, by ballot, a Chairman. 

10. The Chairman of the Council shall deliver an address to the 
Society at its first Ordinary meeting after his election, declaratory 
of the policy which the Council proposes to follow during its year of 
office. 

11. The Council shall nominate all committees. 

12. The Chairman shall be ex-officio a member of all committees. 

13. It shall be the duty of the Council to prepare the balloting-list 
in the manner hereinafter provided and directed by the by-laws. 

14. A Special Meeting of the Council shall be called by the Secre- 
tary on the requisition of the Chairman, of a Treasurer, or of any 
three members thereof. 



22 

15. At all meetings of the Council three shall be a quorum, ex- 
cept wheu otherwise directed by these by-laws. 

16. The Common Seal of the Society shall not be affixed to any 
deed or instrument, except by the authority of a previous order or 
resolution of the Council, and in the presence of the Chairman or one 
of the Treasurers and of the Secretary. 

17. No order or resolution for affixing the Common Seal to any 
deed or instrument shall be valid unless made or passed at a meet- 
ing of the Council specially summoned for the purpose, at which not 
less than six members of the Council shall be present. 

18. The Council shall have the power to suspend the Secretary or 
Financial Officer from his duties. 

J 9. The Secretary or Financial Officer shall be dismissed only by 
a vote of a general meeting on the report of the Council, which shall 
alone be competent to convene such meeting. 

20. The Assistant Secretary shall be appointed by the Council. 

V. — The Auditors. 

21. There shall be two Auditors of Accounts. 

22. The Auditors shall exnmine the accounts of the Society, and 
call for such vouchers and receipts or other information with respect 
to them as they may think fit, and shall examine the Annual State- 
ment of Receipts, Payments, and Expenditure, and of assets and lia- 
bilities, and report thereon to the Annual General Meeting. 

23. The Auditors may attend the meetings of the Council. 

VI.— The Secretary/. 

24. There shall be a paid Secretary, elected annually, and an 
Assistant Secretary, if necessary, who shall be members of the 
Society. 

25. The Secretary, or the Assistant Secretary, if required, shall 
attend all meetings of the Society, the Council, and the Committees, 
and discharge all duties which usually appertain to the office of 
Secretary. 

26. The Secretary shall issue all the notices of meetings, and shall 
prepare, under the direction of the Council, an Annual Report of the 
state of the Society. 

27. He shall also have the charge of the house, furniture, library, 
pictures, papers, models, and other effects belonging to the Society, and 
be bound to keep a correct inventory thereof. 

28. He shall lay before the Council all communications addressed 
to the Society, and, under the direction of the Council, shall conduct 
the correspondence and business of the Society He shall ex-officio be 
the responsible Editor of the Society's Journal, and shall superintend 
through the press all papers printed by order of the Council. 



33 



VII.— The Financial Officer. 

-J;'. There si all be a Financial Officer, circled annually, who shall 
be a member of the Society. 

30. He shall give security, to the satisfaction of the Council, for 
the faithful discharge of his duties. 

31. He shall collect the subscriptions and' other moneys f mm the 
members as they become due, and shall pay the same into the Society's 
hankers wherever they shall amount to one hundred dollars, and re- 
port such payments to the next meeting of the Council. 

32. He shall attend at all meetings of the Society, and shall super- 
intend the ballot for members. 

33. He shall attend the meetings of the Council when required. 

34. He shall prepare lists of those members whose subscriptions 
are in arrear, and report the same to the Treasurers. 

35. He shall, under the direction of the Treasurers, keep the ac- 
counts of the Society. 

VIII. — Committees. 

36. The Council shall proceed, as soon as convenient after the 
Annual General Meeting, to form lists of those who may be considered 
specially eligible to serve with others on such Committees of reference 
as may be appointed from time to time. To these Committees the 
Council may refer for examination, advice, and report such discoveries, 
inventions, improvements, and novelties in Arts, Manufactures, and 
Commerce, and other matters as shall from time to time be brought 
under its notice. The names of the members so selected to serve on 
the several Committees of reference shall be published in the Journal 
of the Society, and due notification of the Council's desire to obtain 
their co-operation and advice shall be given to each member. 

37. The Council shall from time to time nominate such other 
Committees as may be necessary, or establish special sections. 

36. No act, order, or resolution of any Committee shall bind the 
Society, unless it be done or made by the direction and authority of 
the Couucil, or be ratified by them. 

39. It shall be competent for the Council to invite the co-operation 
of persons not members of the Society, but who are eminent in Arts, 
Manufactures, and Commerce, and in the applications of Science to 
their development, and to associate such persons with the Committees 
of reference. 

IX.— The Annual General Meeting. 

40. There shall in every year be held one General Meeting of the 
Society, to be called the Annual General Meeting. 

41. This Meeting shall be held on the last Tuesday in February 



24 



of each year, and tbe chair shall be taken at four o'clock in the after- 
noon. 

42. At this Meeting the Council shall render to the Society a full 
account of all their proceedings and a statement of the funds of the 
Society, and of the receipts, payments, and expenditure during the 
past year; and a copy of such statement shall be published in th< 4 
Journal of the Society on the Friday before such General Meeting. 

43. At this Meeting the President, the Vice-Presidents, the Trea- 
surers, with the other Members of Council ; the Auditors, the Secre- 
tary or Secretaries, and the Financial Officer, shall be elected in the 
manner and form laid down in Sec. XVII. 

44. At this Meeting there shall be no election of Members or any 
other business whatever transacted other than that specially appointed 
by these By-law r s, unless notice thereof in writing, containing a clear 
statement of the business to be proposed, sigued by two members, 
shall be delivered to the Secretary two days before such meeting. 

45. Notice of the holding of the Annual General Meeting shall be 
given in the Society's Journal and in oue of the Morning Papers. 

46. The Council shall have power to hold the Annual General 
Meeting on the next or next but one following Tuesday in March, 
at the same hour, should they cousider it necessary to do so. But in 
such case they shall give seven clear days' notice of such Annual 
General Meeting twice in two of the Morning Papers of general cir- 
culation, and also in the Society's Journal. 

47. None but Members, Officers of the Society, or persons specially 
invited by the Council, shall be permitted to be present at the Annual 
General Mee Ling. 

48. At this Meeting the chair shall be taken by the President, or 
the Chairman of Council, or one of the Vice-Presidents. 



X. — General Meetings. 

49. At General Meetings the chair shall be taken by the President, 
or in his absence by one of the Vice-Presidents, or by the Chairman 
of the Council, or by some member to be chosen by the meeting. 

50. The Council may convene a General Meeting tor any special 
purpose whenever they think necessary. 

51. The Council shall convene a General Meeting, for a special 
purpose, upon a requisition to that effect signed by not; less than 
twelve Members of the Society. 

52. Notice of every General Meeting, for a special purpose, and of 
the purpose for which it is convened, shall oe hung up in the Society's 
room seven days previous to the holding thereof, and advertised during 
that interval in the Society's Journal or elsewhere. 



25 



53. No business shall be transacted at a General Meeting for a 
special purpose other than that for which it shall have been convened. 

54. No Member whose subscription is in arrear shall be entitled to 
be present, debate, or vote at any General Meeting. 

55. Motions made at General Meetings of the Society shall be in 
writing, and signed by the mover and seconder. 

XI. — Of the Session and Oedinaey Meetings. 

56. The Session shall commence on the third Wednesday in No- 
vember, and shall end on the last Wednesday in June. 

57. There shall be Ordinary Meetings of the Society on every 
Tuesday evening, at eight o'clock, during the Session, unless other- 
wise directed by the Council. 

58. At each of the Ordinary Meetings, a paper or papers on some 
one or more subject or subjects relating to inventions, improvements, 
discoveries, and other matters connected with Arts, Manufactures, or 
Commerce, or the encouragement thereof, shall be read and discussed. 

5J*. No decision on the merits of the papers so read shall be taken 
at the Meetings. 

60. No business of any kind, other than foregoing, shall be trans- 
acted at such Ordinary Meetings, except the proposition of candidates 
and the election of Members. 

61. No paper shall be read at any oidii.ary meeting of the Society 
unless it shall have been approved of by the Council, but this ap- 
proval shall not be taken as expressing an opinion upon the state- 
ments made or the arguments used in such paper. 

XII. — The Examinees. 

62. To carry on the system of Examinations which the Society has 
established for the students of the Institutes in union with it, the 
Council shall, as soon as possible, appoint a Board of Examiners for 
lb/5, and shall hereafter, at their first meeting after the Annual 
General Meeting in February, or as soon afterwards as may be, appoint 
a Board, or Boards of Examiners ; and the Council shall have full 
power to fill up vacancies therein, and to enlarge, reduce, or other- 
wise vary the number of the Members thereof. 

63. Every such Board for the time being, and from time to time, 
shall have power to appoint one of its own Members, being a Member 
of the Society of Arts, to be Chairman of such Board. 

64. The Council may make such payments as they shall deem 
meet to those Examiners who shall set the Examination questions 
and pass judgment upon the answers; but no such payment shall be 
made to any Examiner being a Member of the Council. 

65. Whenever it shall appear to the Council that any Examination, 



26 



commenced by a Board of Examiners, cannot be properly concluded, 
and the awards made by that Board, before tbe period at which its 
existence would naturally be determined, viz., at the Annual General 
Meeting in February, tbe Council shall re [tort the same to that Meeting, 
and the Meeting may at once reappoint tbe said Board, and resolve 
that it shall continue in existence till its work is done, or till the new 
Council shall otherwise provide for tbe same. 

XIII.— Or the Admission of Members, etc. 

66. Candidates for admission as Members must be proposed and 
recommended by not less than three Members of tbe Society, accord- 
ing to the Form following: 

" We hereby propose and recommend" [here state Christian name, 

profession or business , and usual place of residence of the 

Candidate] u as a fit and proper person to become a Member of 

tbe Society fur the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and 

Commerce." [Here must follow the signatures of three Members 

of the Society, one of whom must hive personal knowledge of the 

Candidate.] 

The paper thus signed slfall be read at an Ordinary Meeting of the 

Society, and afterwards hung up in tbe Society's room until the 

second following Ordinary Meeting, when the Candidate shall be 

balloted for ; and if three-fourths of the Members then balloting shall 

vote in his favor, he shall be declared elected a Member. 

67. Every person so elected, on paying his first annual subscription, 
shall thereby become a Member of tbe Society, aud his name shall be 
inscribed in tbe register of Members. 

68. No person shall be entitled to any of the privileges of a Mem- 
ber until he shall have paid bis annual subscription, or such other 
sum as is specified by these By-laws as a composition in lieu of annual 
subscriptions, and shall have signed tbe following Form : 

u J, the undersigned, having been elected a Member of tbe Society 
for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, 
do hereby promise that I will submit and conform in all re- 
spects to, and be governed by, the terms and provisions of the 
Charter and the By-laws made in pursuance thereof; provided 
that whenever I shall signify in writing to the Secretary that I am 
desirous of ceasing to be a Member thereof, I shall be free from 
this obligation, after payment of auy Annual Subscription or 
arrears which may be due from me at that period." 

69. The Annual Subscription of every Member shall be Ten Dollars 
at least. 

7*0. Every member elected previous to the 1st day of January, 
87b', shall continue to be liable to pay the same subscription or other 



27 



sum that he would have been liable to pay under the previous rules 
and regulations of the Society. 

71. The annual subscription becomes due in advance, and is pay- 
able for each year at its commencement, such commencement to be 
reckoned from the quarter-day next preceding the day of election. 

7-2. Any Member may commute or compound for all future pay- 
ments, and become a Member for life, by payment of a sum of not less 
than one hundred dollars. 

73. Ladies eminent in Literature and the Arts may be elected 
members. 

74. The Council shall have power in each year to admit (five) per- 
sons, eminent in Arts, Manufactures, or Commerce, or in the applica- 
tions of abstract science to the s^ame, as Life Members of the Society, 
without the ordinary formalities of election, and without payment of 
any subscription whatever, and also five persons as yearly members 
without payment of dues for the year so elected. 

75. Foreigners and persons not residing in the United States or 
Canadas, duly proposed aud elected, may become Corresponding 
Members without payment of any subscription, and may attend, but 
not vote, at General or Ordinary Meetings. 

76. Due notice of their election shall be sent immediately to the 
newly-elected Members, together with the form of assent (6$) for 
signature. 

77. Every Member shall continue such, and be liable to pay his 
subscription, until he shall have complied with the following by-law : 

78. Any Member desirous of withdrawing from the Society must 
give notice in writing of his desire to that effect to the Secretary, and, 
on payment of all subscriptions aud arrears which may be due from 
him up to that period, he shall thenceforth cease to be a member of 
the Society. 

79. If the annual' subscription of any Member residing in the 
United States shall be in arrear for three years, the Financial Officer 
shall give notice thereof to the Member, and, if the said subscription 
shall continue in arrear at the expiration of six months after such 
notice, the Council having, through the Secretary, given the default- 
ing Member due notice of their intention, shall have power to strike 
the name of such Member off the register, and he shall thereupon 
cease to be a Member of the Society. 

80. Any persou whose name shall have been struck off under the 
foregoing by-law may, on payment of his arrears, be readmitted by 
the Council. 

81. It shall be the duty of the Treasurers to recover from persons 
who shall have ceased to be Members any arrears which may remain 
unpaid. 



28 



82. A meeting of the Council, consisting of not less than five Mem- 
bers, shall have power to remove any member from the Society, upon 
receiving a requisition to that effect, with the reasons stated, signed 
by not less than twenty Members of the Society. 

83. Every Member whose subscription is not in arrear is entitled — 
To be present at, and to take part in, the proceedings of all the 

Ordinary Meetings of the Society, and to introduce visitors at 
such Meetings, subject to such rales as the Council may frame 
from time to time. 

To be present and to vote at the Annual and all other General 
Meetings of the Society. 

To receive the Society's Journal. 

To introduce, either personally or by note addressed to the Secre- 
tary, any number of friends to inspect the Society's House, be- 
tween the hours of tei and four o'clock on any week-day except 
Tuesday, aici such otae; days, ani uider such conditions, 
as the Council may direct. 

To the use of the Society's library, and to borrow books therefrom, 
under such regulations as the Council shall from time to time 
prescribe. 

The Society's house will be closed to visitors during the month of 
September. 

XIV. — Associated Institutions. 

84. The Council may admit into union with the Society Literary 
and Scientific Institutions, Philosophical Societies, Meshanics' Insti- 
tutions, Chambers of Commerce, and other Societies whose primary 
object shall be the Promotion of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, 
in harmony with the objects of the Society. 



XV.— Union of Scientific and Literary Institutions. 

85. Any Institution, established in the United States, Great 
Britain, or Canadas for the advancement of Literature and Science, 
or for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, may 
be admitted into the Union. 

86. It shall be the duty of the Officers of the Society of Arts to 
correspond with the Secretaries of such Associated Institutions on 
matters relating to the recognized objects. 

87. The productions or manufactures of any section transmitted by 
an Associated Institution shall receive all due publicity by means of 
the Society's Exhibitions, Publications, and Discussions. 

88. The weekly Journal of the Society, with its other publications, 
shall be duly forwarded to every Associated Institution, and a portion 



29 



of the columns of the Journal shall be reserved for their Discussions 
and Correspondence. 

89. Whenever any member of an Associated Institution, bearing a 
letter of introduction from its Secretary, shall visit New York City, he 
may enjoy the usual privileges of a Corresponding Member of the 
Society of Arts during his stay, and may have his letters addressed to 
him at the Society's House. 

90. The Council will afford their advice and assistance to any 
Associated Institution which may desire to obtain in the United States 
or Canadas any scientific or educational apparatus, and will obtain 
and furnish to any Associated Institution reports on any produce sent 
over for examination. 

91. An Associated Institution shall have the privilege of purchas- 
ing books through the Society's agency on the same scale of reduction 
as is now granted to the American Society. 

92. The system of examination proposed to be instituted by the 
Society of Arts shall be extended so as to embrace candidates who 
shall have duly attended classes at Associated Institutions, and cer- 
tificates of merit shall be awarded by the Society's examiners on 
examination papers duly authenticated and remitted from the Asso- 
ciated Institutions. 

93. A foreign institution may be admitted into union on the same 
terms as a Home Institution, namely, an annual payment of ten dol- 
lars. 



XVI. — Honorary Local Secretaries. 

94. To multiply the centres of the Society's operations, and to direct 
the energies of many who are prepared zealously to aid it, the Council 
may invite gentlemen of standing and of influence in their respective 
neighborhoods to undertake the office of Honorary Local Secretary of 
the Society of Arts. 

95. The Honorary Local Secretaries shall receive the Society's 
Journal and other published documents from time to time ; and the 
facilities of an office for receiving and forwarding letters, books, etc., 
shall be afforded them at the Society's house. 

96. The Honorary Local Secretaries will be expected to advise the 
Council in such matters as may be submitted to them, and to afford 
generally their aid in promoting the objects of the Society. 

97. The Honorary Local Secretaries shall go out of office annually, 
with the Council and Officers, but may be reappointed after the annual 
election of the Council of the Society. Their names shall be published 
with those of the President, the Council, the Hoard of Examiners, the 
Committees of Reference, and the Officers of the Society. 



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020 116 011 A 



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XVII.— Election of Officers. 

98. The President, the Vice-Presidents, the two Treasurers, and the 
thirty other members of the Council, the Auditors, the Secretary or 
Secretaries, and the Financial Officer, shall be elected annually by 
ballot at the Annual General Meeting for the election of Officer?, as in 
Sec. IX. appointed to be held ; and shall go out of office at the next 
Annual General Meeting. 

99. Previous to the Annual General Meeting the Council shall, by 
ballot, prepare a list of persons to be President, Vice-Presidents, 
Treasurers, and other members of the Council, Auditors, Secretary 
or Secretaries, and Financial Officer, for the ensuing year, and such 
lists shall be framed as follows, viz. : 

a. To contain the name of one member of the Society as President. 

b. The names of twenty members of the Society as Vice-Presi- 

dents, provided that four at least shall not have served the 
office of Vice-President during the then current year. 

c. The names of two members of the Society as Treasurers for the 

ensuing year, provided that one of them shall not have served 
the office of Treasurer during the then current year. 

d. The names of not more than forty members of the Society as 

members of the Council for the ensuing year, provided that 
four at least of such persons shall not have served on the 
Council at any time during the then current year of office. 

e. The names of two members of the Society as Auditors for the 

ensuing year, provided that one of such members shall not 
have filled the office during the then current year. 

f. The names of the persons proposed respectively to fill the offices 

of Secretary an; I Financial Officer, one name for each office; 
such to be members of the Society. 

100. The list so prepared shall be suspended in the Society's room 
for seven days previous to and until the General Meeting, and shall 
be the balloting-iist at such General Meeting. 

101. The balloting-list shall be published with the Journal of the 
Society on the Friday previous to the day of election, and a copy sent 
to every member of the Society. 

102. The ballot shall be taken at the Annual General Meeting, and 
shall remain open not less than one hour, and shall take place in the 
following manner : 

The Council shall cause to be provided for the use of members 
voting thereat a sufficient number of copies of the balloting- 
list; and no other balloting -lists than those provided shall be 
received. 

Every member intending to vote at the election of members may, 
if he shall think fit, erase any name or names from such ballot- 



ol 



Log-list, and may substitute in the place thereof the name or 
names of any other duly qualified person or persons, and shall 
hand in to the Chairman such balloting-list as aforesaid, either 
with or without such erasure and substitution of names. 

On the receipt of such list from the voter, if the voter's qualifica- 
tion to vote be not objected to, or if objected to and the Chair- 
man shall be satisfied that the voter is duly qualified, the Chair- 
man shall deposit such list in the balloting-box. The decision 
of the Chairman in such matter shall be final. 

Two Scrutineers, not being members of the Council, shall be 
nominated by the Chairman, who shall examine and cast up 
the votes, and report the names of the persons so elected and 
the numbers of the votes to the Chairman, who shall thereupon 
declare the same to the meeting. 

Any balloting-list containing a greater number of names proposed 
for any office than the number to be elected to such office, shall 
be absolutely and wholly void, and shall be rejected by the 
Scrutineers. 

If the votes in any case be equal, the Chairman shall give the 
casting vote. 

103. In the event of a vacancy occurring in the Council, or in the 
office of Auditor, Secretary, or Financial Officer, the Council shall 
duly fill up the same till the next Annual General Meeting. 

XVIII.— Alteration of By-Laws. 

104. By-laws may be altered, varied, or revoked, and new and 
other by-laws made, at General Meetings only. 

105. No motion to alter, vary, or revoke any existing, by-law, or 
make any new or other by-law, shall be entertained by a General 
Meeting unless the same shall have been proposed by the Council; 
or unless notice in writing, signed by twelve members, containing the 
substance of the proposed motion for altering, varying, revoking, or 
making any new or other by-law, shall have been given to the Secre- 
tary ten days at least previous to the holding of such General 
Meeting. 

Society's House, New York City, January, 1875. 



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